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References cited by Agnoli G.L., 2005 – The genus Methocha in Europe: a discussion on taxonomy, distribution and likely origin of its known species and subspecies (Hymenoptera Tiphiidae Methochinae). Bulletin of Insectology, 58 (1): 35-47 and further entries. Additional references in: Falk, 1991; Mandery 2003; Kroupa, 2005

Additional entries after Agnoli (2005)

• Amiet F., 2008 - Fauna Helvetica 23. Vespoidea 1 (Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae). Centra Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF/SZKF), Schweizerische Entomologische Gesselschaft (SES/SEG), Neuchatel, 86 pp., 95 drawings, 24 photographs, 27 distribution maps. ISBN 978-2-88414-035-5, ISSN 1422-6367.
• Baza de date în domeniul conservarii biodiversitatii. Republic of Moldova.
• Bellmann H., 1998 - Gids van Bijen, Wespen en Mieren. Tirion, Baarn, 1998.
• Bischoff H., 1933 - Inventa entomologica itineris Hispanici et Maroccani, quod a. 1926 fecerunt Harald et Håkan Lindberg. XV. Chrysididae, Cleptidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae, Methocidae, Sapygidae, Sphecidae, Masaridae, Vespidae. Commentationes Biologicae, Helsingfors, 4 (3): 1-7.
• Bogusch P., 2007 - Vespoidea: Tiphiidae (trnìnkovití). in: Straka J., Bogusch P. & Kment P. (eds.), Annotated check-list of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia [Komentovaný seznam žahadlových blanokøídlých (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Èeské republiky a Slovenska]. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, Suppl. 11, pp. 85-92, ISSN 0231-8571.
• Bogusch P., 2008 - Book review: AMIET F.: FAUNA HELVETICA 23. VESPOIDEA 1 (Mutillidae,
  Sapygidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 949–950. http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1416
• Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning, 1999 - Nasjonal rødliste for truete arter i Norge 1998. Norwegian Red List 1998, DN-rapport 3: 1-161.
• Finnish Environment Institute, 2004 - Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened bees, wasps and ants. URL: http://www.environment.fi.
• Generani M., Pagliano G. & Scaramozzino P.L., 2005 - Hymenoptera Scolioidea. In: Ruffo S., Stoch F. (eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. 10.000 specie terrestri e della acque interne. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie. Sezione Scienze della Vita 16: 269-270 + CD-ROM.
• Krombein K.V., Hurd P.D.Jr., Smith D.R. & Burks B.D., 1979 - Catalog of the Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 2735 pp.
• Mickel C.E., 1928 - Biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 143: 1-351 (page 9: "Life history of Methoca ichneumonides Latreille").
• Munckhof-Heunen (van den) M. & Smits J., 2003 - De angeldragers van de Strabrechtse Heide. 1-24.
• Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed]. 2005. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, site Web. Document téléchargé le 10 avril 2006. URL: http://inpn.mnhn.fr/inpn/fr/biodiv/species/index.htm.
• Pádr Z., 1995 - Hymenoptera: Scolioidea, Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, and Sphecoidea. In: Rozkosny R. & Vanhara J. (eds): Terrestrial Invertebrates of the Palava Biosphere Reserve of UNESCO, II. Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Uni. Masaryk. Brun., Biol., 93: 331-338.
• Schönitzer K. & Lawitzky G., 1987 - A phylogenetic study of the antenna cleaner in Formicidae, Mutillidae, and Tiphiidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology, 107 (5): 273-285.
• Smith F., 1858 - Catalogue of British fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and Vespidae, in the collection of the British Museum. London, Taylor and Francis, pp. 1-236, 6 pl.
• Wilson E.O. & Farish D.J., 1973 - Predatory behaviour in the ant-like wasp Methocha stygia (Say) (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Animal Behaviour, 21: 292-295.

References cited by Agnoli (2005)

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• Adlerz G. A., 1905 - Methoca ichneumonides, Latr., des Lefnadssätt och Utrecklingsstadier. Arkiv för Zoologi, 3 (4): 1-48.
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• Brothers D.J. & Carpenter J.M., 1993 - Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2: 227-304.
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• Budrick D.J. & Wasbauer M.S., 1959 - Biology of Methocha californica Westwood. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 17: 75-88.
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• Champion H.G., 1915 - Addendum to observations on the life-history of Methoca ichneumonides Latr. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 51: 40-2.
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• Champion R.J., 1916 - A further note on the Life-history of Methoca ichneumonides Latr. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 52: 90.
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For citation purposes

Distribution map of the Methochinae according to zoogeographic regions

In brackets the number of species known per region.
According to Krombein (1958, 1979, 1982), Lin (1966) and Guichard (1972).

Nearctic Region (Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics)

Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille, 1804

• californica (Westwood, 1881) (California). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 133.
• formosa Krombein, 1954 (Florida). Trans. Amer. ent Soc. 80:2.
• impolita Krombein, 1958 (U.S.A.). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 60(2): 58.
• nigrior (Fox, 1899) (California; Washington). Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 25:288.
• stygia (Say, 1836) (U.S.A.; Canada). Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:299.
  syn.: Mutilla (Methoca) pacalis Harris 1835 in Hitchcock, Rpt. Geol. Mineral. Bot. Zool. Mass. : 587.
  syn.: Methoca bicolor Say 1836 Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:299.
  syn.: Methoca canadensis Smith 1855 Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 3:67.

Neotropical Region (tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles)

Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille, 1804

• constricta (Smith, 1879) (Brazil). Descr. New Spec. Hym.: 228.
• mexicana (Saussure, 1892) (Mexico). Hist. Madag. 20(1):299.
• nigriceps (Smith, 1879) (Brazil). Descr. new. spec. Hym.: 228.
• poeyi (Guerin, 1845) (Cuba). Iconogr. regn. anim. 7:429.

Palearctic Region (Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Middle East, Asia)

Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille, 1804

• articulata (Latreille, 1792) (Palearctic). Jour. Hist. nat. 2:100.
  syn.: Methoca (!) ichneumonides Latreille, 1792 Crutis Brjt. Ent., pl. 329.
  syn.: Methoca (!) formicaria Latreille, 1805 Hist. nat. Curst. & Insect. 13:268.
  syn.: Mutilla formicaria Jurine, 1807 Nouv. meth Class. Hym. :226.
  syn.: Tengyra sanvitali Latreille, 1809 Gen. Crust & Insect. 4:116.
  syn.: Gonatopus mutillarius Nees, 1834 Hym. Ichneum. affin. monogr. 2:284.
  syn.: Gonatopus erythrocephalus Nees, 1834 Hym. Ichneum. affin monogr. 2:286.
  syn.: Gonatopus thoracicus Nees, 1834 Hym. Ichneum. affin. monogr. 2:387.
  syn.: Spinolia italica Costa, 1858 Fauna Napoli: 22 & 36.
• articulata nigrescens Hoffer, 1938 (Moravia & Slovak Republic). Sbornik Klubu Prirodovedeckeho v Brne, 17: 25-30.
• articulata obscura Hoffer, 1938 (Slovak Republic & Ukraina). Sbornik Klubu Prirodovedeckeho v Brne, 17: 25-30.
• japonica (Yasumatsu, 1931) (Japan). Kontyu 5(1):12 (female); Kontyu 7(3):141 (male).
• latronum (Guichard, 1972) (France: Corsica). The Entomologist, 104: 285. Agnoli, 2005 (Italy: Sardinia).
• picipes (Morawitz, 1890) (Asia: Transcaspia). Horae Soc. ent. Ross. 24:632.
• sisala Nagy, 1968 (Romania). Opuscula Zoologica, 8 (1): 81-85.
• yasumatsui (Iwata, 1936) (Japan). Kontyu 10(2):58.

Afrotropical Region (Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar)

Methocha subg. Andreus Ashmead, 1903

• abottii Ashmead, 1903. Can. Entomol. 35: 156.
• andrei (Arnold, 1944) (Cape Province). Occ. Pap. nat. Mus. S. Rhod. 2:2.
• braunsi (Andre, 1901) (S. Africa). Zeits. Hym. Dipt. 1:281.
• braunsi cataractae (Arnold, 1934) (S. Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. Rhod. Mus. 3 :34.
• carinata (Arnold, 1934) (S. Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. Rhodesian Mus. 3:38.
• fulgida (Arnold, 1944) (S. Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. nat. Mus. S. Rhod. 2(11):5.
• haemorrhoidalis (Westwood, 1881) (S. Africa). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 134.
• incerta (Andre, 1903) (S. Africa). Zeits. Hym. Dipt. 3:81.
• johannis (Arnold, 1944) (S Africa). Occ. Pap. nat. Mus. S. Rhod. 2(11):5.
• minima (Andre, 1901) (S. Africa). Zeits. Hym. Dipt. 1:282.
• morosa (Arnold, 1934) (S. Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. Rhodesian Mus. (3):37.
• mosotuana (Arnold, 1944) (S. Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. nat. Mus. S. Rhod. 2(11):4.
• plesioides (Turner, 1911) (Equatorial Guinea). Mitt. zool. Mus Berlin 5:389.
• poneroides (Arnold, 1934) (Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. Rhodesian Mus. (3):36.
• procera (Peringuey, 1901) (S. Africa: Transvaal). Ann. S. Afric. Mus 2:127.
• rhodesiana (Arnold, 1934) (Rhodesia). Occ. Pap. Rhodesian Mus. (3):35.

Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille, 1804 OR Methocha subg. Andreus Ashmead, 1903 - ?

• arnoldi (Krombein, 1949) (Madagascar). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 51:72.
• cambouei (Saussure, 1891) (Madagascar). Hist. Madag. 20(1) : 299.
  syn.: Methoca cambonini Saussure 1891 Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. 8(7) 259.
• lambertoni (Krombein, 1949) (Madagascar). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash.. 51:73.

Oriental Region (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo)

Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille, 1804

• alutacea Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 186.
• areolata Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 188.
• bicolor (Cameron, 1897) (India). Mem. Manchester Soc: 41(4): 52.
  syn.: Methoca rufonigra Dutt, 1912. Mem. Dept. Agric. Ind. Ent. Ser. 4:185.
• cavipyga Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 190.
• clypeata (Pagden, 1934) (Malaya Peninsula). Jour. Feder. Mai. Sta. Mus. 17:454.
• debilis (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14: 41; 19: 169.
• emarginata Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 193.
• fimbricornis (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14:38.
• formosana (Williams, 1919) (Taiwan). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14:37.
• foveiventris Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 195.
• fuscipennis (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14:45.
• gracilis (Smith, 1860) (Celebes). Proc. Linn. Soc. 5:77.
• hamanni (nom. nov.) (W. N. Borneo) for Methoca nigra Hamann, 1960. Idea 13:36 (nec Bingham, 1896).
• heveli Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 91.
• insularis (Smith, 1860) (Celebes). J. Proc. Linn. Soc. zool. 5 Suppl.: 77.
• javanica (Hamann, 1959) (Java). Idea 12:67.
• litoralis Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 90.
• maai Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 183.
• malayana (Pagden, 1949) (Malaya). Trans R. ent. Soc. Lond. 100:195.
• mandibularis (Smith, 1869) (China: “Shanghai”). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. : 301.
• monticola (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14:43.
• nigra (Bingham, 1896) (Ceylon). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 427.
• orientalis (Smith, 1855) (India). Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 3:66 (nec 1875).
• penthesilea (Pagden, 1949) (Malaya). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 100:196.
• plana Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 185.
• priorrecta Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 191.
• punctata (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass Ent. Ser. 14:42.
• smithii (Magretti, 1892) (India). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova 32:259 n. 70.
  syn.: Methoca orientalis Smith, 1875. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond.: 35 (nec 1855).
• striatella (Williams, 1919) (Philippines). Rep. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. Sug. Pl. Ass. Ent. Ser. 14:34.
• taoi Lin, 1966 (Taiwan). Q. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 187.
• thoracica (Smith, 1861) (Celebes). J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool. 6:50.
• tricha Strand, 1913 (Taiwan). Ent. Mitt. 2:214.
• violaceipennis (Cameron, 1899) (India; Malaya). Ann. Nat. Hist. 4:68.

Methocha subg. Dryinopsis Brues, 1910

• anomala Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 99.
• ceylonica Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 98.
• kandyensis Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 97.
• simplicipes Brues, 1910 (British North Borneo). Jour. N. York ent. Soc. 18:17.
  syn.: Stenomethoca nigra Hamann, 1960 Idea 13: 35.
• taprobane Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 95.
• ubiquita Krombein, 1982 (Sri Lanka), Smiths. Contrib. Zool., 374: 92.

Karlissa Krombein, 1979

• rugosa (Cameron, 1897) (Ceylon). Mem. Manch. L. Ph. Soc. 41.
  Methoca [sic] rugosa Cameron, 1897:52, 53, pi. 4: fig. 11 [6: Ceylon; type in Oxford University Museum].—Bingham. 1897:54 [<5; redescription of type].
  Poecilotiphia (?) rugosa (Cameron).—Turner, 1908b: 131 [tentative generic assignment].
  Methocha rugosa Cameron.—Krombein, 1968:3 [confirmed as Methochinae].
  Karlissa rugosa (Cameron).—Krombein, 1979:431-433, figs. 1,2.

For citation purposes

Countries known to us (literature, personal records, Museum collections):

Notes:

1. Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792) and Methocha articulata nigrescens Hoffer, 1938, described from Moravia and Slovak Republic, subspecies that we couldn't examine.
2. Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792) and Methocha latronum (Guichard, 1972), described from Corsica (France) and found also in Sardinia (Italy).
3. Methocha articulata obscura Hoffer, 1938, described from the Slovakian-Ukrainian border, subspecies that we couldn't examine.
4. Methocha sisala Nagy, 1968, described from the Carpathian Basin (Romania), subspecies that we couldn't examine.
5. Methocha picipes (Morawitz, 1890), described from "Transcaspia", subspecies that we couldn't examine.

For citation purposes

Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792)

Methocha latronum (Guichard, 1972)

For citation purposes

Basic morphology of Methocha female

Habitus of Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792)

Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792) - female description

Body slender and antlike, ranging from 3.5 to 9.0mm, with a modal length of about 6.0mm, a shining habitus, usually impunctate or microscopically punctured, with smooth and reflecting interspaces and sparse pubescence.

Head and metasoma black, mesosoma and legs reddish. Forehead convex. Eyes with reduced hair, ocelli present. Antennae composed by scape, pedicel and 10 flagellomeres (= F-I, F-II, etc.) 3-4 times as long as broad, except the first two, reddish in color, the last flagellomeres brownish.

Mesosoma (= the visible thorax, composed by the true thorax and the propodeum) red with three dorsal metameres delimited by two restrictions: prothorax (pronotum), mesothorax (mesoscutum + metascutum) and metathorax (metanotum + propodeum). Mesothorax convex, mesoscutum narrower than pronotum and propodeum; midcoxae completely uncovered; metathorax almost globose, propodeum red. Legs reddish to dark reddish in color and slender; femurs and tibiae elongated and sub-cylindrical; tibiae with only one apical spur; mid- and hindtibia spurs S-shaped, finely combed dorsally.

Metasoma (= the visible abdomen, apart from the propodeum) with six visible terga (= T-I, T-II, etc.), with a constriction between the first and the second tergum, better visible in sternal view.

Methocha latronum (Guichard, 1972) - female description

Habitus of Methocha latronum (Guichard, 1972).

The species was established on four small females (3.75-5mm), with hirsute habitus, abundant white hair, overall abundant shallow punctuation; head and metasoma shining black, but, at least in some areas, with rugulosity; clypeus without any tubercle; antennae reddish with pedicel and apical 5-6 flagellomeres darker; mesosoma dull red with propodeal spiracles obscured by rugulosity.

In comparison to the original description (Guichard, 1972), the latronum female from Sardinia (Italy) shows a bigger size (6.5 mm) and a completely mat habitus, without shining reflections.

Compared to the articulata females, the Sardinian female is clearly opaque, with matte, sculptured and densely pubescent teguments; the punctuation on the head vertex  shows an average diameter which is double, and it is denser: the single points are interspaced by sculptured areas, rather than the typical smooth ones. The pubescence on the head is longer and denser than in articulata, measuring in latronum up to 4.5 MOD.

The diameter of the punctures on the mesosoma is 1.6 to 2.5 times wider in latronum than in articulata, measuring in the former up to 1.0 MOD, with the pubescence up to 3.7 MOD. The pronotum of latronum  shows a deep median depression, wide 1.8 MOD and long 3/4 of the pronotum length; except for the central mesothorax, the interspaces on the rest of the mesosoma are striped and irregularly grooved, not as smooth as in articulata. In both species the punctuation of the metasoma is finer than on the remainder of the body and the respective diameters are not significantly different (0.2-0.4 MOD); however, only few sparse points are visible in articulata and the metasoma appears nearly polished and glabrous, whereas in latronum  the points per area are fairly denser, the associated pubescence is dense and long (up to 4.3 MOD) and the interspaces are finely striped with an irregular trend, both on terga and on sterna.

The first gastral tergum is black in articulata, partially reddish in latronum (reddish on the anterior tergal half, entirely reddish in sternal view). S-VI wider in latronum than in articulata.

Comparison between Methocha articulata (Latr.) and Methocha latronum (Guich.)

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When the specimens are correctly mounted, their study and identification becomes easier. For this purpose, try to avoid a collection of specimens glued on the mounting cards in their dead position (rolled-up), or glued with too much glue, as well as try to avoid to pin the specimens with large pins that could hide or destroy some characters. Anyway, if you are used to pin the specimens, use the standard insect pins size #00 or #0, that are thinner, and insert them in the lateral-center of the thorax, as you do with wasps and beetles. Or use the micro-pins, also known as 'minuten pin', that have a diameter of 0.10mm, 0.15mm, 0.20mm and 0.25mm.

Alternatively, you can use the traditional mounting cards for entomological use, made in high quality Bristol paper with slightly rounded edges.
We prefer the transparent cards made in transparent acetate, that facilitates the examination of the diagnostic characters of the ventral side.
If you like cards, whether white or transparent, we suggest to you to use a limited set of standard sizes, ie. 15x6mm and 20x8mm, that fit the average body sizes of Chrysidids and provide some uniformity to your specimens collection.

Mounting the specimens

Chrysidids can be handled with soft tweezers, paying attention to the fragile articulations of legs and antennas. A good part for handling them is the chitinic, strong thorax. A thin brush is useful to spread the legs and antennae.

There are some differences between mounting fresh specimens and mounting dried specimens: in the latter case, you need to re-humidify them before mounting.

Mounting fresh specimens

When the specimens are soft - like the freshly collected specimens - you can mount them directly on the entomological cards, using a soft thin brush to spread their legs, wings and antennas. If you have no time to mount them in a short time, you can put your fresh specimens in a vial containing some cotton with few drops of ethyl acetate (to avoid moulds): such method lets you keep your specimens soft for months. If you need to keep them soft for a longer period, you can store your vials in the freezer.

Mounting dried specimens

If the specimens are dried (dehydrated), or if you need to re-mount them for a given reason, you have to relax them for some hours in a closed jar containing cotton and some water (humidifying chamber), like you do with other dried insects.

For a faster re-humidification of single specimens you can use a syringe to make water enter in their body. First, remove the needle, because you do not need it. Insert the dried specimen in the chamber, fill up the syringe with some water, turn the syringe upwards and press the piston in order to eliminate the air; then, closing the needle-hole with the inch to ensure the vacuum, pull gently the piston: the air contained in the specimen is extracted and replaced by water, forcing the humidification of the specimen. Then you can mount the specimen on the entomological card, if soft enough, or you can set it on a setting board.

Extracting and mounting the internal segments

Since the male genitalia have some useful diagnostic characters, it is preferable to extract them from the gaster, but such operation is a little bit advanced. Put the specimen with the belly up and insert a thin pin between the last sternites and the tergites, then extract the packet of the internal segments and place it on an entomological card. Then, under the stereomicroscope, you can glue the packet to the card and carefully spread the segments and the genital capsule using the pins.

Setting on a mounting board

When you need to set a specimen with care, or because it is not soft enough to be mounted directly on the card, you need a mounting board. A good material for such purposes is the extruded polystyrene in sheets for craft applications, known as Styrofoam™: it lets you easily insert the setting pins (#00, #0) and leave them in position until the specimen is dry.

With the tweezers, set the specimen lying down in ventral position, and then lock it to the board with 2-3 pins intercrossing the thorax. With other pins spread the legs, the head, the antennas and the wings, symmetrically. Legs and wings must be spread not too close to the body, in order to allow the examination of some diagnostic characters.

The specimen will remain for some days on the board, depending on ambient humidity. Recently-collected specimens require a longer time for a complete dehydration, because of their internal soft tissues.

Gluing on the entomological card

Once dried, the specimen is glued on an entomological mounting card of adequate size and similar to the other cards used for the specimens of the same size. A small drop of glue under the thorax is enough to keep the specimen on the card. The glue must be easy to find/prepare and easy to remove from the specimen through humidification, like an ordinary vinyl glue.

Labelling

To give them a scientific value, the mounted specimens must bear the capture labels, with the following data:

• collection place: Country, State, Region, City, locality, etc.;
• significant geomorphologic element, ie. lakes, forests, rivers, etc.
• coordinates, if known;
• collection date, using an international convention for which the month is in Roman numbers, i.e. 12.XII.2000 (where XII = 12 = December);
• collector's name, i.e. "leg. C. Darwin" ("leg." from the latin legit = collected) or "C. Darwin coll." ("coll" is the abbreviation of "collected"), depending on the Latin or English terminology.

On another label you may add some notes about your field observations, i.e. on Daucus flower.

Try to avoid to use too personal simbols and numerations, because one day your specimens could migrate to other collections or Museums and cryptic labels could become a problem for the other researchers.

Here are some of the abbreviations that is possible to find on identification and locality labels:

More abbreviations are listed here.

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Chrysidids are solitary wasps and in their life they are strictly linked to other solitary wasps (Sphecids, Apids, etc.), with whom they share the same environments. Generally chrysidids live in microhabitats characterized by environmental particularities which facilitate their recognition: flowers, arid and sandy solis, old woods exposed to the sun, pebbles, infested plants, etc.

The most favorable environments are those characterized by xerothermic climatic periods, during which the curve of the summery medium temperatures exceeds the curve of the medium precipitations (Walter's climograms). In a more generalized view, the chrysidids prefer subtropical-Mediterranean climates, with warm dried summery atmospheres tending to an arid climate with strong insolation and water deficit for the vegetation, which will be represented by thermophilous species.

Some grassy cliffs and slopes, arid and insolated, oriented South-South East, and exposed to particularly dry climates are typical environments with a xerothermic regime. Usually, the climate is warm, semiarid to arid, mild during winter and with an average annual temperature of about 12°C (54°F). The pluviometric regime is characterized by a low annual precipitation (less than 1200mm, average about 700-800mm), with the maximum during spring and autumn and with the minimum in summer and winter. Winds blowing from south during summer, with consequent high temperatures and dehydration. The vegetation is characterized by a high variety and specialization of photophilous and thermophilous plants. In S Europe there are mediterranean species mixed with alpine species, of continental, balcanical and steppe-like origin (i.e. Eryngium campestre). Typical is the domominance of roverella and relicts of pine tree forests.

In detail, chrysidids are bound to extremely narrow microhabitats, comprising places of rest and of parasitic activity. It's not difficult to see some specimens on uncovered soils already inhabited by other wasps, or near the worm-holes in wood searching for their nests. In the periods of flower blooming some species rest on inflorescences (Umbrelliferae, Compositae and Euphoribiae just to mention some) or are attracted by the sweet fluids on vegetables infested by Aphids. In other cases, some chrysidids can rest on rocks, leaves and lumber exposed to the sun, in correspondence of paths or along the banks of the rivers. Optimal observation places are the dried walls delimiting the agricultural fields and the walls exposed to the sun of the country houses.

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The HEAD is hypognathous, so the mouth apparatus is turned downwards. Two composed eyes and three simple ocelli are present, on the vertex. The space between the base of the eyes and the articulation of the jaws is the malar space, of taxonomic importance. The antennae are inserted little above the jaws, in correspondence of the upper part of the clypeus: here are the scape, the pedicel and 11 flagellomeres (F-1, F-2, etc.), generally cylindrical. The relative length of the first 3 flagellomeres is of diagnostic importance. The clypeus is generally short and wide, except for the Stilbum Genus. The jaws are simple and are armed with 0-3 apical teeth. The central part of the face is occupied by a depression (scapal basin) able to receive the antennas in a folded position. The upper part of the face is the forehead, often characterized by a crossing carina projecting behind to the area of the ocelli (vertex).

The THORAX is subdivided into 5 articulate segments: pronoto, mesonotum (scutum), scutellum, metanotum (postscutellum) and propodeum. The surficial sculpture can be absent (smooth teguments) or intense (punctuation, drills, carinas). To the pronotum, comprising the neck, articulates the first pair of legs. The mesonotum (scutum) is characterized by 3 regions (two lateral and one central = mesoscutum or medium mesonotum separated by notauli and laterally by the 2 tegulae that cover the wing articulation. The scutellum is generally shorter than the scutum. The metanotum can be characterized by a projection (Elampus, Parnopes), or can be fused with the propodeum; it is often characterized by the presence of lateral metathoracic teeth. The propodeum, precisely the first gastral segment, is generally vertical and lacks an upper flat face; it's also characterized by two lateral teeth. The legs are generally adapted for an excavating activity. The segments that compose the legs are the hip (coxa), the femur, the tibia and the tarsus. The terminal part of the tarsus is armed with dentate nails.

In modern hymenopterological nomenclature the terms mesosoma and metasoma are used instead of thorax and abdomen, respectively. The reason is that the first abdominal segment (propodeum) is joint with the morphological thorax and the famous "wasp-waist" articulates two abdominal segments and not the thorax to the abdomen.

The ABDOMEN of Chrysidids is significantly modified when compared to the abdomen of the other Hymenoptera, and is generally reduced to only 3 visible segments and other internal segments.The Amiseginae, Cleptinae and Loboscelidiinae have 5 external abdominal segments in males and 4 in females, the Parnopinae have 4 in males and 3 in females, the Allocoeliini 2 tergites (dorsal segments) and 3 sternites (ventral segments) in both sexes. In the other tribes males and females have 3 abdominal segments.The external segments are generally very sclerotized and concave in the ventral side, except for Cleptinae, Amiseginae and Loboscelidiinae, where the sternites are convex.A useful diagnostic structure is found in the anal edge of the last tergite, characterized by teeth, carinas, projections and spots.Above the anal edge a characteristic pit row is often present. The internal abdominal segments form a subcylindric telescopic tube, introflected during the rest, representing the female's ovipositor and the male's genital tube. The sting sensu strictu is reduced and is no more working. In males, at the end of the tube a genital capsula is present, standing on the eighth sternite, both structures of diagnostic importance.

When measuring morphological characters under a microscope, the following measures are used:

MOD, the Diameter of the Median Ocellus. This quantity is used as the unit for all the other measures taken on a given specimen, which become relative measures (eg. 2.0 MOD, 4.5 MOD, etc.) instead of absolute measures (eg. 3 millimeters). If measures are expressed in MOD units, and since the Diameter of the Median Ocellus is proportional to the size of the specimen, you can compare the same measures obtained on different specimens in order to draw average values and other statistics.

OOD (Ocellar-Ocular Distance), the minimum distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye.

PD (Puncture Diameter), the diameter of the punctuation on a given area, eg. on the pronotum, on the T-2, etc.

All the micrographs were taken with a JEOL JSM-5400 Scanning Electron Microscope, after a vacuum ionization of the dried specimen (Chrysis scutellaris) with gold (JVG-N1 Gauge and JEE-4B Evaporator).

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Chrysidids are distributed in all the zoogeographic Regions, except for the Antarctica. Cleptids of the genus Cleptes are perhaps the most primitive and ancient group among chrysididae, because of their hosts diets (they parasite primitive wasps like Sawflies, linked to plants of the temperate climates). Those species are nearly exclusive of the northern hemisphere (Holarctic Region), absent - or nearly - from the tropical regions. Also the Amiseginae seem to have developed in the northern hemisphere and then migrated to the Oriental and to the Neotropical Regions during the Quaternary and extincted elsewhere perhaps during the glaciations. Same thing for the Chrysidinae, currently dominant in the Palearctic and in the Neotropical Regions. The Chrysidinae of the other Regions are derived in subsequent successive times.

The chrysidid fauna of the Australian Region is considerably poorer than that of the other Regions and shows in-common taxa with the Oriental fauna. It is reasonable that Chrysidids have seen a remarkable evolutionary differentiation, as testified by the absence of affinity between the faunas of the regions splitted off from the "One Continent" (Gondwana) and by the endemism of many Genera.

The human activity is responsible of the current wide distribution for some species, through the exchange of vegetals hosting larvas and adults: wood, plants, canes, etc. Some examples of widespread species: Stilbum cyanurum, Omalus aeneus, Pseudomalus auratus.

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