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Here you find some pictures of Chrysididae drawn from books and from websites, macrophotos and videos. For each image and video the Copyright statement is reported. If you like to contribute with your pictures, please upload them directly to Chrysis.net Forum. Alternatively, send them to our e-mail address .

Macrophotos of Chrysidids

Gallery of Chrysidids in nature by Gian Luca Agnoli.

Macrophotos of Chrysidids (old gallery)

The old Gallery of Chrysidids.

Videos of Chrysidids

Interesting videos showing Chrysidid behaviour and habits.

Drawings of Chrysidids

Drawings made by past and contemporary Authors.

Postal stamps with Chrysidids

Postal stamps with Chrysididae as subjects from all over the world.

Macrophoto-monographs

Utility

Monitor calibration check in order to correctly see the pictures.

For citation purposes

A parasitoid is an insect whose larvae develop on an arthropod host that is always killed at the end; this fact doesn't occur in the case of the "true parasites". The use of such definition strictly applies to some insects, namely to 56 Families of Hymenoptera, 21 of Diptera, 11 of Coleoptera, 2 of Lepidoptera and 1 of Neuroptera.

A cleptoparasite is an organism which lives off the alimentary supplies collected by another species, robbing them furtively (lestobiosis) or in an aggressive way, like in the case of Chrysidids, whose larvae kill the host larva in order to eat the supplies accumulated in the nest.

In a broader sense, following the indications of Eggleton & Gaston (1990 - "Parasitoids" species and assemblages: convenient definitions or misleading compromises? Oikos, 59: 417-421) a parasitoid is "an organism which develops in or on another single host organism, from which it draws its nutriment, and it kills it as the direct or indirect result of its development". In this definition also some Fungi and some Mermitidi Nematods can be included.

The simplest classification in order to distinguish a parasite from a parasitoid and from a predator has been proposed by Thompson Thompson (1982 - "Interaction and Coevolution". Wiley-Interscience, New York) on the basis of the functional relations of the predators. Thompson subdivided the predators in 4 categories:

1. true predators: they kill their preys almost immediately after having attacked them and, in the course of their existence, they kill several individuals of the predated species. They can eat their preys entirely or only a part of them (examples: tigers, eagles, Coccinellid beetles);
2. grazers: they attack many preys during their lives, but they eat only a part of each of them and not the whole. Their attacks are only rarely lethal in the short term. They are distinguished in:
   • herbivorous grazers (examples: large herbivorous vertebrates, grasshoppers, aphids, caterpillars);
   • carnivorous grazers (examples: blood-eater animals like fleas, ticks, leeches, mosquitos);
3. parasites: they consume parts of the preys, their attacks are injurious, but only rarely lethal and they are concentrated on single individuals in the course of their lives. Unlike the two previous categories, an intimate association exists between parasites and hosts;
4. parasitoids: they are mostly Diptera (flies) and Hymenoptera (wasps). Adults lead a free life and place eggs on the hosts (usually on other insects) or close to them. The parasitoid larva develops within the host, not causing the immediate death of it, which occurs at the end of the lunch, when the parasitoid has reached maturity.

The boundaries between the various categories are vanishing and cases of dubious interpretation are not rare.

Currently parasitoids are subdivided in koinobionts and idiobionts according to their behaviour: the former allows the host to continue its development or to complete metamorphosis after the attack, the latter doesn’t. The most primitive strategy is the idiobiont one.

For citation purposes

adaptation

Any heritable characteristic of an organism that improves its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Also used to describe the process of genetic change within a population, as influenced by natural selection.

adaptive radiation

The diversification, over evolutionary time, of a species or group of species into several different species or subspecies that are typically adapted to different ecological niches.

alien species

A species that does not normally occur in an area but which has been deliberately or accidentally introduced by human activity.

allopatric speciation

Speciation that occurs when two or more populations of a species are geographically isolated from one another sufficiently that they do not interbreed.

In the figure, alpha' and alpha" are allopatric species isolated by a natural barrier (sea, river, mountain chain, desert, etc.), but derived from a mother-species alpha.

If the barrier disappears, or if the individuals of the two populations meet, the two allopatric populations show the ability to interbreed again.

allopatry

Living in separate places.

biodiversity

"The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems." (United Nations Biodiversity Convention 1992)

biogeography

The study of patterns of geographical distribution of plants and animals across Earth, and the changes in those distributions over time.

biomass

The total weight of living matter in a population.

character

Any recognizable trait, feature, or property of an organism.

cleptoparasite

An organism that exists by cleptoparasitism.

cleptoparasitism

A form of multiple parasitism in which a parasite preferentially attacks a host that is already parasitized by another species.

coadaptation

Beneficial interaction between organisms belonging to different species.

coevolution

Evolution in two or more species, such as predator and its prey or a parasite and its host, in which evolutionary changes in one species influence the evolution of the other species.

colony

A group of animals or plants living together and dependent on each other to a greater or lesser extent.

contiguous

Very near or touching.

continental drift

The process by which the continents move as part of large plates floating on Earth's mantle.

convergence

The process by which a similar character evolves independently in two species.

convergent evolution

The evolution of species from different taxonomic groups toward a similar form; the development of similar characteristics by taxonomically different organisms.

de facto

In fact; in reality. Something which exists or occurs de facto is not the result of a law, but because of circumstances.

ecology

The study of living organisms in relation to their environment.

ecosystem

A natural system including the sum total of all living things, the non-living environment and its physical forces, and the relationships among these, including processes such as predation, competition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. An estuary is an ecosystem.

emigration

The movement of organisms out of an area.

endemic

native to an area and occurring nowhere else.

endemism

The condition of being native to and restricted to a specified area.

evolution

Darwin defined this term as "descent with modification." It is the change in a lineage of populations between generations. In general terms, biological evolution is the process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time; in genetic terms, evolution can be defined as any change in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation.

exotic

Native somewhere else (adjective).

foreign

Native somewhere else (adjective).

genetic drift

Changes in the frequencies of alleles in a population that occur by chance, rather than because of natural selection.

geographic isolation

See reproductive isolation.

geographic speciation

See allopatric speciation.

habitat

The environment chosen by a species to live in, providing life requisites such as food and shelter.

heritability

Broadly, the proportion of variation (more strictly, variance) in a phenotypic character in a population that is due to individual differences in genotypes. Narrowly, it is defined as the proportion of variation (more strictly, variance) in a phenotypic character in a population that is due to individual genetic differences that will be inherited in the offspring.

host

The living organism that serves as food for a parasite, parasitoid, or pathogen (noun).

host-specific

A parasite, parasitoid, or pathogen that, at least in the area specified, is monophagous.

host-specificity

The level of specificity of a parasite, parasitoid, or pathogen to its host. The levels are classified as monophagous, stenophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous.

immigrant

Native somewhere else, but having arrived in the area specified of its own accord, by walking flying, swimming, rafting, or hitchhiking (adjective).

immigration

The movement of organisms into an area.

indigenous

Native (adjective).

introduced

Native somewhere else, but having arrived somehow in the area specified. Although this concept makes no logical sense because it clearly includes organisms that arrived entirely without the aid of people, it still is used by some biologists.

isolation

Synonym for reproductive isolation.

land bridge

A connection between two land masses, especially continents that allows migration of plants and animals from one land mass to the other. Before the widespread acceptance of continental drift, the existence of former land bridges was often invoked to explain faunal and floral similarities between continents now widely separated.

lineage

An ancestor-descendant sequence of populations.

macroevolution

A vague term generally used to refer to evolution on a grand scale, or over long periods of time. There is no precise scientific definition for this term, but it is often used to refer to the emergence or modification of taxa at or above the genus level. The origin or adaptive radiation of a higher taxon, such as vertebrates, could be called a macroevolutionary event.

microevolution

Evolutionary changes on the small scale, such as changes in gene frequencies within a population.

mutation

A change in genetic material that results from an error in replication of DNA. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

native

Indigenous (adjective).

natural selection

The differential survival and reproduction of classes of organisms that differ from one another in on or more usually heritable characteristics. Through this process, the forms of organisms in a population that are best adapted to their local environment increase in frequency relative to less well-adapted forms over a number of generations. This difference in survival and reproduction is not due to chance.

niche

The ecological role of a species; the set of resources it consumes and habitats it occupies.

nomadic

Having to do with nomads, people who live in no fixed place but move in search of food or grazing land for their animals; of a wandering lifestyle.

obligate parasitism

capable of existence only by parasitism.

opportunistic species

Species which exploit diverse aspects of the environment as conditions change, flexible in life requirements and generalists by nature. Able to quickly adopt to temporarily available resources such as food supplies.

parasite

An organism that lives in or on the body of its host without killing the host, but usually debilitating it (noun).

parasitic

Acting as a parasite (adjective); but see also the expression parasitoidal.

parasitism

The condition of living in or on another organism (the host) to obtain food, without killing that host but usually debilitating it (noun).

parasitization

Use instead the shorter term parasitism.

parasitize

To act as a parasite (verb).

parasitoid

An organism that, during its development, lives in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that host (noun).

parasitoidal

Acting as a parasitoid (adjective).

parthenogenesis

The production of offspring from unfertilized eggs.

phylogeny

The study of ancestral relations among species, often illustrated with a "tree of life" branching diagram, which is also known as a phylogenetic tree.

phytophage

An organism that feeds on plants (noun).

phytophagous

Feeding upon plants (adjective).

polyphagous

Feeding upon many kinds of food (adjective); also nouns polyphage and polyphagy.

population

A group of organisms, usually a group of sexual organisms that interbreed and share a gene pool.

predation

The state or condition of being predatory (noun).

predatory

Living by preying on others (adjective) [synonym = predacious. The spelling predaceous is incorrect].

prey-specific

A predator that, at least in the area specified, is monophagous.

reproductive character displacement

The increased reproductive isolation between two closely related species when they live in the same geographic region (sympatry) as compared with when they live in separate geographic regions. A kind of character displacement in which the character concerned influences reproductive isolation, not ecological competition.

reproductive isolation

Two populations or individuals of opposite sex are considered reproductively isolated from one another if they cannot together produce fertile offspring. See prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation.

selective pressures

Environmental forces such as scarcity of food or extreme temperatures that result in the survival of only certain organisms with characteristics that provide resistance.

solitary parasitoid

A parasitoid whose nutritional requirements are such that only one can exist in the body of the host.

speciation

Changes in related organisms to the point where they are different enough to be considered separate species. This occurs when populations of one species are separated and adapt to their new environment or conditions (physiological, geographic, or behavioral).

species

An important classificatory category, which can be variously defined by the biological species concept, cladistic species concept, ecological species concept, phenetic species concept, and recognition species concept. The biological species concept, according to which a species is a set of interbreeding organisms, is the most widely used definition, at least by biologists who study vertebrates. A particular species is referred to by a Linnaean binomial, such as Homo sapiens for human beings.

sympatric speciation

The increased reproductive isolation between two closely related species when they live in the same geographic region.

In the figure, populations beta and gamma are derived from a mother-species alpha through evolutionary processes. Consequently, beta- and gamma- individuals cannot interbreed and beta and gamma are considered distinct species.

For citation purposes

 Italian version only.

For citation purposes

This page introduces some books of particular interest for entomologists.

Rosa P., 2006
I Crisidi della Valle d'Aosta
Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Saint-Pierre (Aosta), No.6, 400 pp.

Ruffo S. - Stoch F. (eds.), 2005
Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. 10.000 specie terrestri e delle acque interne
Mem. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Verona, 2. series, Sezione Scienze della Vita, 16: 307 pp., CD-ROM

Pagliano G. & Negrisolo E., 2005
Hymenoptera Sphecidae
Series: FAUNA D'ITALIA, Vol. 40. Il Sole 24 Ore Edagricole Ed., xii + 560 pp. EAN: 9788850651283.

Rosa P., 2005
La collezione di Crisidi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano
Milano, Natura Vol. 94 (2). ISSN 0369-6243.

Peeters, T.M.J., Achterberg, C. van, Heitmans, W.R.B., 2004
De Wespen en Mieren van Nederland [The Aculeate Wasps and Ants of the Netherlands]
Series: NEDERLANDSE FAUNA 6, 508 pp. ISBN-10: 9050111742.

Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, 2002
LA FAUNA IN ITALIA [The Fauna of Italy]
Touring Club Italiano and Centro di Ecologia Alpina, 448 pp. ISBN / EAN 883652621-7.

Witt R., 1998
Wespen - beobachten, bestimmen [Wasps - observing, identifying]
Naturbuch Verlag, ISBN 3-89440-243-1.

Minelli A., Ruffo S., La Posta S. (eds), 1993-1995
Checklist delle specie della Fauna d'Italia
Calderini Ed., Bologna.

For citation purposes

Some entomological resources.

For citation purposes

The following list includes the published papers on the Italian Chrysidids during the last years. The list reports faunistic and systematic studies including descriptions of new Italian taxa or detailed studies involving Italian specimens.

Year: 2009

Author: Rosa P.
Title: Catalogo dei Tipi dei crisidi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria" di Genova (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae).
Journal: Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova, Vol. C: 209-272.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: [Catalogue of Chrysidid Types housed in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)]. A critical and annotated catalogue of the 161 type specimens of Hymenoptera Chrysididae belonging to 98 taxa and housed in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria" is given. The Lectotypes of the following 11 taxa are designated: Elampus medanae Du Buysson, 1890; Holopyga mlokosiewitzi var. gribodoi Du Buysson, 1896; Hedychrum cirtanum Gribodo, 1879; Chrysis brasiliana Guérin, 1842; Chrysis doriae Gribodo, 1874; Chrysis ignita var. viridefasciata Hoffmann, 1935; Chrysis igniventer Guérin, 1842; Chrysis imperforata Gribodo, 1879; Chrysis mariae Du Buysson, 1887; Chrysis miegii Guérin, 1842; Chrysis truncata Guérin, 1842. The following synonymy is proposed: Notozus constrictus Förster, 1853 = Notozus productus var. mutans Du Buysson, 1896 n. syn. The synonymy Ellampus puncticollis Mocsáry, 1887 = Ellampus affinis Wesmael, 1839 n. syn., is recognised, but it is suggested with a reversal of priority in accordance with the purpose of the stability of the nomenclature; such a case will be submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for approval. A new combination is proposed: Pseudomalus magrettii (Du Buysson, 1890) n. comb. Lastly, the actual position and validity of several type specimens are also discussed.

Author: Strumia F.
Title: Trichrysis baratzsensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) from Sardinia.
Journal: Zootaxa 2318: 589–595.
Keywords: .
Language: English.
Abstract: Trichrysis baratzsensis sp. nov., from Lago Baratz (Sassari province, Sardinia), is described and compared with all other Palaearctic congeners. A key for the identification of Mediterranean Trichrysis species is also provided.

Year: 2008

Author: Pagliano G.
Title: Elenco mondiale dei generi di Hymenoptera con specie tipo.
Journal: Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 43, 465 pp.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: This monograph is dedicated to the study of genera and subgenera of Hymenoptera and their systematic position, listing for every taxa their type species. The names were compared and 744 of them were found to be homonyms both of genera of Hymenoptera and of other order of Insecta, of of other phyla of the animal kingdom. This work may be very helpful to hymenopterologists of Museum, Univeristy and also to amateurs of the extensive order of Hymenoptera.

Author: Strumia, F. & Yildirim, E.
Title: Contribution to the knowledge of Chrysididae fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera, Aculeata).
Journal: Frustula Entomologica, N.S. XXX (XLIII) (2007): 55-92.
Keywords: .
Language: English.
Abstract: We present a first list of faunistic data of Cleptinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) collected mainly in the northeastern Turkey. Very few records were previously available in the literature for this family from this interesting zoogeographical region. Two species, Cleptes aerosus and Cleptes semiauratus are new for Turkey fauna.

Author: Strumia F. & Pagliano G.
Title: Imenoteri Mutilidi e Crisididi racolti nell'orto botanico dell'Università dela Calabria.
Journal: Atti Soc. tosc. Sci. nat., Mem., Serie B, 114 (2007): 85-90.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: [Hymenoptera mutillidae and chrysididae collected in the botanical garden of «Università della Calabria (Cosenza)] From June 2002 to November 2003 Hymenoptera Mutillidae and Chrysididae were collected by mean of a Malaise trap located in the botanical garden of Cosenza University (Calabria). We found a rich population of Mutillidae particularly in the late summer (August and September). The most common species were the Myrmosinae Krombeinella thoracica (Fabricius, 1793) and the Chrysidinae Trichrysis cyanea (Linnaeus 1758). We found 22 and 21 species respectively of Mutillidae and Chrysididae, corresponding to the 34.4% and 8.6% of the Italian fauna. By comparison with the results obtained from others 25 Malaise traps located in Italy, Corse and Sardinia, the botanical garden of Cosenza University results to be richest biotope for the Hymenoptera Mutillidae.

Author: Strumia, F., Pagliano, G. & Wolf, H.
Title: Mutillidae, Chrysididae e Pompilidae dell'isola dell'Asinara (Sardegna, Italia) (Hymenoptera).
Journal: Frustula Entomologica, N.S. XXX (XLIII) (2007): 47-53.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: Mutillidae, Chrysididae and Pompilidae of Asinara Island (Sardinia, Italy) (Hymenoptera). Fourteen species of Mutillidae, sixteen of Pompilidae and twenty seven of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) are reported from Asinara Island (Sardinia, Italy). The most interesting species is Smicromyrme asinarensis Pagliano & Strumia, 2006, a new species separately described.

Year: 2007

Author: Pagliano G.
Title: Recensioni: Paolo Rosa. I Crisidi della Valle d'Aosta (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae).
Journal: Boll. Soc. ent. ital., 139(3): 181-182.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: Book review.

Year: 2006

Author: Rosa P.
Title: I Crisidi della Valle d’Aosta.
Journal: Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Saint-Pierre (Aosta), No.6, 400 pp.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: The Chrysididae of the Aosta Valley (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). An updated catalogue of the species collected by the author in the last 15 years is given. Descriptions of both sexes and data on chorology, ecology, biology and taxonomy for each species are given. Identification keys to genera and species are also provided. An illustrated part leads to the recognition of the species in the field. More info.

Author: Rosa P.
Title: La collezione Campadelli di Imenotteri Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae).
Journal: Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Ferrara, 7 (2004).
Language: Italian.
Abstract: The Chrysidid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of the Campadelli Collection (Systematic catalogue of the Campadelli Collection. III). The list of the Chrysididae conserved in the Campadelli's collection, recently donated to the "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara", is given. Three species, Philoctetes bogdanovi (Radoszkowski), Chrysis coeruleiventris Abeille and Chrysis mediadentata Linsenmaier are reported for the first time from Emilia-Romagna; Chrysura sulcata is also new for Northern Italy.
Keywords: Chrysididae, faunal records, Campadelli.

Year: 2005

Author: Rosa P.
Title: I Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) della Romagna. Stato attuale delle conoscenze.
Journal: Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, 6 (2003): 29-40.
Keywords: Crisidi, faunistica, Romagna.
Language: Italian.
A faunistic catalogue of Hymenoptera Chrysididae of Romagna (Italy, Emilia-Romagna) is given. Bibliographical data, corrected and revised on current systematics, and unpublished data are listed. Comments and systematic notes are given for the most interesting species. In all 94 taxa are listed: 54 taxa are reported for the first time for Romagna and 32 taxa for Emilia-Romagna district.

Author: Rosa P.
Title: La collezione di Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano.
Journal: Natura, Milano, vol. 94 (II): 128 pp.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: The cuckoo-wasps collection (Hymenoptera Chrysididae) of the "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale" of Milano. The Chrysididae collection of the "Museo Civico di Storia Naturale" of Milano is one of the most important in Italy. It includes more than 8600 specimens, mostly collected in Italy and belonging to 287 mainly Palaearctic taxa. A historical overview and a catalogue are given; for each species the following pieces of information are provided: number of specimens, locality and collection data, and, whenever necessary, some comments on chorology and taxonomy. Many taxa are reported for the first time for most Italian regions. During this work two undescribed species, which will be studied in the near future, two new records for Italy (Chrysis pulcherrima ascoensis Linsenmaier e C. cingulicornis dalmatina Linsenmaier), two for Northern Italy (Chrysis cingulicornis Förster e C. pseudodichroa Linsenmaier), and three for Southern Italy (Hedychridium valesiense Linsenmaier; Chrysis mysticalis simii Perraudin, Stilbum calens wesmaeli Dahlbom) were also noticed. A new species-group, Chrysis curta group, whose species were previously included in the C. millenaris group, is here proposed. It is characterized by: 1) distinctly incised anterior clypeal margin; 2) black spots on S-II broad and fused, or nearly so; 3) anal margin of T-III short and widened; 4) genital capsule robust, in dorsal view the gonocoxae are short and basally separate; 5) in females internal tergites with well developed membranous lobes, similar to those of the genus Chrysis and seemingly different from those of the millenaris group, which recall the genus Chrysura. Some taxonomic changes are also proposed: Philoctetes punctulatus (Dahlbom) n. comb., P. bogdanovi (Radoszkowski) n. comb., P. putoni (Buysson) n. comb. and Chrysis semistriata Linsenmaier n. stat., a Sardinian endemic, for the first time considered as a valid species. The examination of internal tergites and sternites of some taxa suggested the affinities between some species-groups. In particular, the relation between Spintharina versicolor (Spinola) and S. vagans (Radoszkowski) is confirmed; Chrysis hydropica and C. pulchella groups are distinct, and the latter is well recognizable by the shape of the internal urites of males; C. scutellaris and C. comparata groups are closely related, and a previously unnoticed similarity between C. cerastes and C. comparata groups is also discussed; C. viridula and C. splendidula groups are well separable on the basis of the shape of the fifth tergite. More info.

Author: Strumia F.
Title: Hymenoptera Chrysididae. In: Ruffo S., Stoch F. (eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. 10.000 specie terrestri e della acque interne.
Journal: Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie. Sezione Scienze della Vita 16: 269-270 + CD-ROM.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: A project for the computerization of the data distribution of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates of the Italian territory. Thanks to the work of 105 specialists, more than 450,000 records on 10,000 species have been collected and entered into a database, together with geographic and mapping data. The collected data made it possible to map the values of specific richness, rarity and the number of endemic species and subspecies in Italy (the 25% of the total). Extinct, endangered and vulnerable species have been identified, as well as the species that can be used as bioindicators and for environmental impact assessments. The data collected will allow the creation of models of distribution, the compilation of a Red List of the Italian fauna and the integration with the supplements to the Habitats Directive for a better effectiveness in the protection of the Italian heritage faunistic. More info.

Author: Niehuis O.
Title: Hedychridium wahisi, sp.n., a new cuckoo wasp from Italy (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae).
Journal: Beitr.Ent. 48: 525-530.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: Hedychridium wahisi sp.n. is described from Italy; the species belongs to the Hedychridium plagiatum - species group. H.wahisi sp.n. can be distinguished from all known species of this group especially by its blue head, blue mesonotum, and its blue gastral tergum III. H.wahisi sp.n. is tentatively regarded as an Adriatomediterranean faunal element.

Year: 1995

Year: 1993

Author: Lucchetti, D.
Title: Lista preliminare degli imenotteri dell'arcipelago della Maddalena.
Journal: Boll. Soc. entomol. Ita. 125: 103-108.
Keywords: .
Language: Italian.
Abstract: Preliminar list of the Hymenoptera of the La Maddalena Islands (Sardinia). A list of 33 species collected in the islands is given. The author gives also a short description of the localities in wich he collected them.

For citation purposes

Here you find the identification key for the Italian genera of Chrysidids. Please note: the key is currently available in Italian language only.

Text and pictures taken and modified from:

• Rosa P., 2006 - I Crisidi della Valle d'Aosta.
• Goulet H. & Huber J.T. (eds), 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families.
• Kimsey L.S. & Bohart R.M., 1990 (1991) - The chrysidid wasps of the world.
• Bohart R.M. & Kimsey L.S., 1982 - A synopsis of the Chrysididae in America North of Mexico.

La prima chiave (A) consente di attribuire un dato criside ad una delle tre Sottofamiglie presenti in Italia, secondo l'ordine tassonomico di riferimento.

A) Chiave per la determinazione delle Sottofamiglie

1.	Addome con la parte ventrale convessa (fig. 1a), con 4 tergiti visibili nelle femmine e 5 nei maschi; ultimo tergite conico, appuntito e al margine non affilato né dentellato; pronoto molto allungato, più lungo che largo, con una evidente costrizione avanti il margine posteriore; propodeo molto sviluppato, dorsalmente con scultura reticolata e senza punteggiatura ben definita	Cleptinae (Cleptes)
—	Addome con la parte ventrale concava (fig. 1b), con 3 tergiti visibili nelle femmine e 3 o 4 nei maschi; ultimo tergite con un distinto margine apicale a profilo affilato e a contorno liscio o variamente dentellato; pronoto trasverso, al più moderatamente allungato, senza costrizione visibile; propodeo corto, semplice, dorsalmente con punteggiatura ben definita e senza scultura reticolata	2
	Fig. 1a: Addome ventralmente convesso.      Fig. 1b: Addome ventralmente concavo.
2.	Parti boccali sporgenti oltre il margine del clipeo, sviluppatissime, in visione laterale lunghe più del doppio della testa (fig. 2a); tegule grandi e molto larghe, che coprono la base di entrambe le ali; metanoto prolungato in una appendice di forma trilobata; maschi con 4 tergiti addominali visibili, femmine con 3; in entrambi i sessi il 1° tergite è quasi interamente metallico ed i successivi color carne, al più con deboli riflessi metallici; margine apicale dell'ultimo tergite con numerosi dentelli irregolari	Parnopinae (Parnopes)
—	Parti boccali generalmente non sporgenti oltre il margine del clipeo, in caso contrario in visione laterale più corte della lunghezza della testa (fig. 2b); tegule normali, corte, che coprono soltanto la base dell'ala anteriore; metanoto in genere semplice, l'eventuale prolungamento mai trilobato; entrambi i sessi con 3 tergiti addominali visibili, generalmente metallici; se color carne, anche il primo non metallico; margine apicale variabile	Chrysidinae (Elampini e Chrysidini)

Le Sottofamiglie Cleptinae e Parnopinae non sono suddivise in tribù e sono rappresentate in Italia da un solo Genere, rispettivamente Cleptes e Parnopes. Quindi, l'attribuzione di un esemplare all'una o all'altra Sottofamiglia comporta automaticamente la sua attribuzione al Genere corrispondente.

La Sottofamiglia Chrysidinae, al contrario, è ricchissima di specie e viene suddivisa nelle tribù Elampini e Chrysidini, per cui richiede una chiave dicotomica intermedia.

B) Chiave per la determinazione delle Tribù della Sottofamiglia Chrysidinae

Ogni tribù è un raggruppamento di più Generi, per cui, una volta identificata la tribù, va identificato il Genere di appartenenza.

C1) Chiave per la determinazione dei Generi della Tribù Elampini

1.	Unghie dei tarsi con più di un dente preapicale	2
—	Unghie dei tarsi con un solo dente preapicale	6
2.	Margine apicale del T-III con un'incisione centrale	3
—	Margine apicale del T-III arrotondato, senza incisione centrale	Holopyga
3.	Metanoto appuntito, prolungato all'indietro in forma di lamina piatta; margine apicale del T-III con un'incisione anale quasi sempre bordata da un'evidente placca a forma di ferro di cavallo, di falce o di mezzaluna, solo eccezionalmente semplice, lateralmente limitata o meno da due dentini; cavità facciale piatta, spesso a forma di U rovesciata, leggermente corrugata; femmine con una fila di setole sotto le guance	Elampus
—	Metanoto convesso o conico appuntito, solo in alcuni casi distintamente appuntito e prolungato all'indietro in forma di lamina; margine apicale del T-III con un'incisione anale quasi sempre semplice, senza alcuna placca o carena; cavità facciale generalmente profonda e liscia, raramente leggermente striata verso il clipeo; femmine senza setole sotto le guance (genae)	4
4.	Scutum non punteggiato (fig. 4a) o con punti radi e superficiali disposti regolarmente su tutta la superficie (fig. 4b) o debolmente rugoso (fig. 4c); mesopleure debolmente sporgenti ventralmente in un angolo molto ottuso	Omalus

Fig. 4a: Scutum non punteggiato; Fig. 4b: Scutum con punti radi; Fig. 4c: Scutum debolmente rugoso.

6.	Unghie tarsali con un robusto dente diretto verso l'apice; margine del T-III ai lati angolosamente sporgente	Hedychrum
—	Unghie tarsali con un piccolo dente mediano perpendicolare all'unghia, a volte poco distinto; margine del T-III lateralmente senza sporgenze	Hedychridium

C2) Chiave per la determinazione dei Generi della Tribù Chrysidini

1.	Cellula radiale delle ali anteriori molto aperta, con estremità della venatura distante almeno 3 MOD dal margine costale dell'ala (fig. 7a ); parti boccali ben sviluppate, più o meno allungate e ben visibili oltre il clipeo; in alcune specie anche il clipeo allungato; margine anale del T-III arrotondato, continuo o con numerosi dentini irregolarmente spaziati; di rado con 4 denti ben sviluppati (Stilbum), ma in tal caso il metanoto prolungato in un'apofisi molto pronunciata	2
—	Cellula radiale delle ali anteriori chiusa o leggermente aperta, con venatura distante meno di 2 MOD dal margine superiore dell'ala (fig. 7b ); parti boccali brevi, non o appena visibili oltre il clipeo, quest'ultimo mai allungato; margine apicale del T-III arrotondato, ondulato o con un numero variabile di denti più o meno evidenti, mai in numero superiore a 6; metanoto al più in visione laterale conico e acuminato	5
	Fig. 7a: Cellula radiale molto aperta.    Fig. 7b: Cellula radiale chiusa o leggermente aperta.
2.	Capo in visione frontale stretto ed allungato; mesopleure inferiormente tridentate; metanoto posteriormente mucronato con un'apofisi larga e appiattita, superiormente incavata a forma di calice; angoli antero-laterali del T-I spigolosi; T-III con una carena trasversale molto pronunciata prima della fila di fossette preapicali, che risulta fortemente infossata, e con margine anale a quattro denti ben sviluppati	Stilbum
—	Capo in visione frontale al più solo leggermente più lungo che largo; mesopleure inferiormente carenate a forma di U o V, al più con soltanto 2 processi dentiformi sotto il solco scrobale; metanoto semplice, arrotondato; angoli antero-laterali del T-I largamente arrotondati; T-III senza distinta carena trasversale prima della fila di fossette, questa non distintamente infossata; margine anale senza denti, oppure con una serie di dentelli irregolari (fig. 8)	3
	Fig. 8: Bordo anale con dentelli irregolari.
3.	Mesopleure inferiormente bidentate; margine anale del T-III con una serie di denti irregolari; femmina dell'unica specie italiana con inconfondibile colorazione rosa negli esemplari viventi, spesso più o meno virata al verde negli esemplari conservati, e con uno schema di disegni violetti, soprattutto quello a forma di clessidra sul T-II; T-III interamente violetto; tibie giallastre non metalliche; maschio verde con disegni blu non ben definiti, talvolta indistinti, e zampe sul lato esterno estesamente metalliche	Euchroeus
—	Mesopleure inferiormente carenate a forma di U o V senza denti distinti; margine anale del T-III finemente crenulato con un dente all'estremità laterale, oppure liscio; colorazione differente, con addome unicolore, al più con T-III blu-verde, contrastante con T-I e T-II rossi	4
4.	Cavità facciale punteggiata, del tutto priva di striatura trasversa; mesopleure inferiormente a forma di U o di V orlata da un'evidente carena; margine anale del T-III all'estremità laterale con una sporgenza angolosa	Spinolia
—	Cavità facciale striata; mesopleure inferiormente semplici, senza distinta carena marginale; margine anale del T-III semplice, liscio, senza alcun dente	Pseudochrysis
5.	Flagellomeri da F-IV fino ad F-X nodosi ed ispessiti nel maschio e meno evidentemente anche nella femmina; carena frontale marcata; cavità facciale profonda, lungo la linea mediana liscia e lucida senza microscultura; angoli propodeali, in visione dorsale leggermente obliqua, lobati e ristretti alla base (in visione esattamente dorsale il carattere talvolta non è evidente); margine anale del T-III semplice e continuo, con un sottilissimo orlo ialino	Spintharina
—	Nei maschi flagellomeri normali, cilindrici, oppure solo inferiormente nodosi da F-II a F-V (in tal caso carena frontale assente e cavità facciale piatta e uniformemente punteggiata), nelle femmine sempre semplici; angoli propodeali subtriangolari; T-III con margine anale spesso variamente dentato, talora inciso nel mezzo; colorazione varia, per lo più almeno bicolore	6
6.	Margine anale del T-III con 5 vistosi denti aghiformi e subeguali	Praestochrysis
—	Margine anale liscio o con denti in numero differente, se in numero dispari smussati e molto diseguali fra loro	7
7.	Margine anale del T-III in entrambi i sessi con 3 denti molto piccoli e spaziati (fig. 9a), talvolta nei maschi il dente centrale smussato ed i laterali ridotti ad ondulazioni appena angolose; specie in genere interamente bluastra o verde-bluastro scuro, spesso con addome un po' più scuro, fino a nerastro in alcuni maschi	Trichrysis
—	Margine anale mai tridentato (fig. 9b)	8
	Fig. 9a: Margine anale tridentato.   Fig. 9b: Margine anale non tridentato.
8.	Cellula discoidale delle ali anteriori apparentemente incompleta, a causa della venatura esterna poco sclerificata, visibile solo in trasparenza; guance con evidente carena allungata; margine anale del T-III ondulato, lateralmente con un dentino, oppure regolarmente arrotondato; specie per lo più blu o verde-azzurro vivace, di rado nerastro opaco pressoché privo di riflessi, comunque mai con parti rosse	Chrysidea
—	Cellula discoidale completa, con tutte le venature ben sclerificate; guance senza o al più con solo una debole carena; margine anale del T-III di varia forma; colorazione generalmente almeno in parte rossa	9
9.	Cavità facciale piatta, con punteggiatura densa ed uniforme anche lungo la linea mediana, nei due sessi priva di pubescenza argentea; fronte con profilo arrotondato, del tutto priva di carena frontale; flagellomeri da F-II a F-V nel maschio spesso inferiormente nodosi; metanoto talvolta conico o anche appuntito; margine anale del T-III sempre liscio e regolarmente arrotondato	Chrysura
—	Cavità facciale generalmente profonda, con un sottile solco longitudinale, trasversalmente striata oppure completamente liscia almeno lungo la linea mediana; carena frontale sempre presente, anche se talvolta ridotta a una semplice angolosità del profilo; flagellomeri semplici; metanoto convesso, mai angoloso o appuntito; margine anale del T-III spesso variamente dentato oppure angoloso	Chrysis

I Generi dei Crisidi italiani

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The Database of the World Bibliography of Chrysididae collects all the world references about Chrysididae and it comprises 2422 entries dealing with systematics, biology, faunistics.

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The Database of the European Chrysididae has the goal to collect all the information on the chrysidids of the European fauna, particularly rich and differentiated. Up to now, the list consists of 649 taxa, of which 489 species and 160 subspecies.

The Database of Italian Chrysididae is a subset of the Database of European Chrysididae. It’s based on the Checklist of the Italian fauna by F. Strumia (1995¹) and following updates (Strumia 2001², 2005³) and on other recent studies on the Italian fauna^4-8.

The distribution data for the Administrative divisions are drawn from the literature and from the inspection of private⁹ and public¹⁰ collections. The effort of database filling has started in 2002 and will go on with the inspection of further collections, in order to confirm, correct and integrate the current data.

A key for the identification of the Italian genera of Chrysidids is available (in Italian language only).

  Our gratitude to our many collaborators.

References and notes:

1. Strumia F., 1995 - Hymenoptera Chrysididae. In: Minelli A, Ruffo S., La Posta S (eds). Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana, 99. Calderini, Bologna.
2. Strumia F., 2001 - Hymenoptera Chrysididae. Aggiornamento alla Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Boll. Soc. entomol. ital., 133 (I): 88-92.
3. Strumia F., 2005 - Hymenoptera Chrysididae. In: Ruffo S. & Stoch F. (eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. 10.000 specie terrestri e della acque interne. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, II Serie. Sezione Scienze della Vita 16: 269-270 + CD-ROM.
4. Rosa P., 2003 - Nuovi reperti di crisidi per l'Italia, con note tassonomiche (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, Cremona, n.51, vol.10: 301-313.
5. Rosa P., 2005 (a). I Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) della Romagna. Stato attuale delle conoscenze. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Ferrara, 6 (2003): 29-40.
6. Rosa P., 2005 (b). La collezione dei Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali & Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano. Natura vol. 94 - Fascicolo 2.
7. Rosa P., 2006 (a) - I Crisidi della Valle d’Aosta. Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Saint-Pierre. 400 pp.
8. Rosa P., 2006 (b) - Gli Imenotteri Crisidi (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) della Collezione Campadelli (Catalogo sistematico della Collezione Campadelli. III contributo). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Ferrara, 7 (2004): 87-96.
9. G.L. Agnoli (Bologna, Italy); G. Pagliano (Turin, Italy); P. Rosa (Milan, Italy); G. Abbo (Milan, Italy).
10. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan (Italy); Collezione Campadelli (Ferrara); Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa (Italy).

For citation purposes