Systematic position of Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)

Subfamily & Tribe	Chrysidinae (Chrysidini)	Size (mm):
Genus & species	Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)
Species group	dichroa
Original combination	Chrysis dichroa Dahlbom, 1854
Type series	Syntypi ♂♂, ♀♀, (Mus.: Turin, Lund)
Original description	Oblonga robusta 2½-3 lin. decimal. long. subcrasse punctata viridi-cyanea; pronoto, mesonoto, abdominisque dorso aureis, hoc confertim punctulato l. nitido 1. coriaceo-subopaco, segmento 3:tio infra discum transversaliter obsoletissime immerso et tum ante seriem lenissime calloso, serie ante-apicali 1. regolari 1. irregulari foveolis parvis numerosis aut distinctis aut confluentibus, ventre 1. concaviusculo -plano 1. modice fornicato igneo nitidissimo nigro-maculato; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis, celluli radiali completa, postscutello mutico convexo. Spintharis dichroa Klug Mus. Berolin. Chrysis coerulipes var. coeruleo-cephala Mus. Spinolae. Chrysis bicolor Megerl, Mus. Vienn. teste Kollàr. Habitat in Austria D. D. Klug, Kollàr, Parreys et Spinola: in Italia ad Buda, D. Zeller; in Asia minori ad Ephesum mense Aprili 1812, D. Loew. Observ. Sculptura et pictura maxime affinis duabus proxime praecedentibus (Chr. Gyllenhali et Chr. sociae); at certe distinguitur corpore majori et robustiori, punctura thorarica crassiori, abdominis segmento 3:tio infra discum obsoletissime immerso et tum mox ante seriem apicalem lenissime calloso. Etiam Chrysidi coerulipedi valde similis, sed capite coeruleo et postscutello mutico convexo certe dignoscitur. Caput mediocre rotundato-triangolare, pronoto paullulum latius, confertim modice punctatum subrugulosum coeruleum aut cyaneum parum nitidum subopacum, orbita viridi. Vertex convexo-depressus. Cavitas facialis mediocris subtilissime sparse punctulata, canalicula mediana subtili abrupta. Antennae breves robustae nigro -fuscae cano et fusco-puberulae, scapo infra cyaneo, sequentibus duobus articulis supra virescentibus. Clypeus mediocris cyanco-viridis punctulatus, medio carinato-convexus, utrinque concavus, margine apicali polito piceo-troncato. Mandibulae mediocres basi virides, tum piceae et ante apicem rufescentes. Pronotum et mesonotum coriaceo-rugulosa crasse punctata virescenti-aurea; pronoti sulcus medianus propter rugositatem irregularis, truncatura antica concaviuscula subcrasse punctata viridi-aenea: areola centrali polita utroque sulco arcuato; dorsuli suturae 2 medianae subprofundae subrectae crenulatae basi parumper curvae. Postscutellum convexo-obtusum modice punctato-reticulatum. Metanoti anguli postico-laterales mediocres triangulares. Metanotum cyaneum, ad latera nonnihil virescens. Pleurae rugosae punctatae sub-opacae, sternum nitidum subtiliter punctulatum viridi-cyanea aut cyaneo-viridia, pedes concolores tarsis fuscis. Alae hyalinae, interdum disco sordidae, tegulis l. viridi-aeneis l. viridi-cyaneis, venis piceis, cellula radiali completa triangulariter lanceolata: angulo disci recto, in cellula radiali vitta brunneo-fumosa. Abdomen capite thoraceque simul sumtis longius, latitudine thoracis, ovali-ellipticum, dorso convexum purpureo-, coccineo- aut virescenti-aureum, confertissime punctulatum 1. coriaceo-subopacum 1. nitidum, in disco segmentorum 2:di et 3:tii lineola mediana sublilis elevata animadvertitur; segmentum 3:tium disco (1. paullulum inferius) obsolete aut obsoletissime (scil. varie in variis individuis) transverse subarcuato-immersum, tum (secundum immersitatem) lenissime callosum 1. convexo-subelevatum, series ante-apicalis infra hanc lenissimam convexitatem sita regularis aut irregularis scil. foveolis parvis ovalibus numerosis distinctis aut confluentibus constituta; margo apicalis fortiter convexo-arcuatus, angustior quam margo basalis, convexo-depressus subtiliter punctulatus, summus brunneus; segmenta ventralia basi nigra, apice ignea marginibus summis apicalibus piceo-scariosis, segmentum anale piceum.
Synonyms and subspecies
Systematic notes

Geographic distribution of Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)

World distribution

Type locality	Austria, Italy, Asia Minor
Kimsey & Bohart	Palaearctic: CS Europe (Austria, Italy, Anatolia), Middle East, SW URSS
Linsenmaier	CS Europe, Crete, Anatolia, Palestine
Other Authors	Mediterranean area (as dichroa typ.)
Chorology	Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean
Distribution notes

Geographic distribution of Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)

Italian distribution according to the Checklist of the species of the Italian Fauna

Macroregion	North (N):	South (S):	Sicily (Si):	Sardinia (Sa):
Endemic

Italian distribution by Administrative Region (Literature records)

Adm. Region	Literature records
Piemonte|Piedmont	Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1999; Rosa, 2002c, 2005; Strumia, 2005;
Valle d Aosta|Aosta V.	Rosa, 2002c, 2005a, 2006a;
Lombardia|Lombardy	Rosa, 2002a, 2002b;
Trentino Alto Adige	Cobelli, 1903 (as Chrysis); Bonelli, 1968 (as Chrysis); Rosa, 2005;
Veneto	Cobelli, 1910, Rosa, 2005a; Strumia, 2005;
Friuli V.G.	Graffe, 1895 (as Chrysis on Euphorbia); Ducke, 1901 (as Chrysis); Kusdas, 1958 (as Chrysis); Kusdas & Thurner, 1955 (as Chrysis); Strumia, 2005;
Liguria	Mantero, 1899 (as Chrysis); Invrea, 1922a; Rosa, 2005a; Strumia, 2005;
Emilia Romagna	Grandi, 1927 (as Chrysis), 1954 (as Chrysis (Holochrysis)); Zangheri, 1969 (as Chrysis); Rosa, 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006b; Strumia, 2005;
Toscana|Tuscany	Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1999 (parasitoid of Hoplitis rufohirta (Latr.), Osmia versicolor Latr. (Ferton 1905), O. ferruginea Latr. and O. caerulescens (L.) (Grandi 1961)); Strumia, 1990 (as Chrysis), 2005; Rosa, 2005a;
Umbria
Marche	Strumia, 2005;
Lazio	Strumia, 2005;
Abruzzo	Rosa, 2004; Strumia, 2005;
Molise
Campania
Puglia|Apulia	Strumia, 2005;
Basilicata	Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1999; Strumia, 2005;
Calabria
Sicilia|Sicily	Buysson, 1891; Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1999; Strumia, 2005;
Sardegna|Sardinia	Costa, 1883 (as Chrysis on flowers of Tapsia); Mocsáry, 1889 (as Chrysis); Mantero, 1906 (as Chrysis); Invrea, 1952 (as Chrysis); Rosa, 2005a; Strumia, 2005;
Distribution notes

Italian distribution by Administrative Region (FEI records)

Adm. Region	FEI records
Piemonte|Piedmont
Valle d Aosta|Aosta V.
Lombardia|Lombardy
Trentino Alto Adige
Veneto
Friuli V.G.
Liguria
Emilia Romagna
Toscana|Tuscany
Umbria
Marche
Lazio
Abruzzo
Molise
Campania
Puglia|Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicilia|Sicily
Sardegna|Sardinia
Distribution notes

Italian distribution by Administrative Region (Personal evidences)

Adm. Region	Personal records
Piemonte|Piedmont
Valle d Aosta|Aosta V.
Lombardia|Lombardy
Trentino Alto Adige
Veneto
Friuli V.G.
Liguria
Emilia Romagna
Toscana|Tuscany
Umbria
Marche
Lazio
Abruzzo
Molise
Campania
Puglia|Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicilia|Sicily
Sardegna|Sardinia
Distribution notes

Biology of Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)

Known Hosts

Polyphagous
Tenthredinidae
Vespidae
Eumenidae
Masaridae
Sphecidae
Apidae
Colletidae
Halictidae
Megachilidae	Osmia rufohirta, O. aurulenta, O. versicolor, O. stelidoides, O. exenterata in shells of: Helix, Bulimus and Cyclostomata (Berland & Bernard, 1938), Osmia ferruginea aenea in stems of Arundo phragmites (Grandi, 1961); Hoplitis rufohirta (Latr.), Osmia versicolor Latr. (Ferton 1905), O. ferruginea Latr. and O. caerulescens (L.) (Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1999)
Anthophoridae
Lepidoptera

Notes on Hosts

Known Habitat

Habitat
Plants for rest/refuge	Euphorbia (Graffe, 1895); Tapsia (Costa, 1883); Euphorbia for the dichroa group (Schmidt, 1977); in Centranthus ruber (Invrea, 1920)
Parasites
Biological notes

More info on Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854)